Is China to blame for Solomon Islands unrest?

CANBERRA, Australia â€”  The Solomon Islands’ decision to switch diplomatic allegiance from Taiwan to Beijing has been blamed for arson and vandalism in the national capital, Honiara, where protesters are demanding the prime minister’s resignation.

Australian police, troops and diplomats are helping local police restore peace and order while trying to keep out of the domestic political dispute.

Here’s a look at some of the reasons behind the turmoil.

Ethnic tensions open old wounds

The Solomon Islands are famous as a battleground of World War II, the pivotal Battle of Guadalcanal named after the country’s largest island, where Honiara is located.

It was then known as the British Solomon Islands Protectorate and became the Solomon Islands before independence in 1978. The South Pacific nation of 700,000 people — mostly Melanesian but also Polynesian, Micronesian, Chinese and European — is, like neighboring Australia and New Zealand, a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II the nominal head of state.

A migration of settlers from Malaita, the country’s second-biggest island and most populous province, to the economic opportunities on Guadalcanal stoked ethnic tensions and eventually unrest.

In the late 1990s, native Guadalcanal islanders, known as Guales, launched an armed campaign to drive the Malaitans off the island. The Malaita Eagle Force militia was formed to protect Malaitans in a conflict that led the government to declare a four-month state of emergency in 1999.

Australia and New Zealand rejected the government’s request for help. With the police force ethnically divided, law and order on Guadalcanal collapsed.

In 2000, the Malaita Eagle Force kidnapped Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa’alu, a Malaitan, because they did not think he was doing enough for the Malaitans’ cause.

Ulufa’alu resigned in exchange for his freedom, and current Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare began the first of his four stints as the unstable nation’s leader.

What’s China’s role in the current unrest?

China has provided another cause for the community to divide, with the government supporting Beijing and the Malaitan leaders supporting Taiwan.

The self-ruled island of Taiwan split from mainland China after a civil war in 1949, but Beijing claims it as part of its territory and has persuaded all but 15 countries, most of them small and poor in Africa and Latin America, to switch recognition to the mainland.

But experts say the unrest on the Solomon Islands is driven by the same underlying causes that have undermined the social fabric for decades: inter-island and ethnic tensions, a perceived lack of sharing of resources between Guadalcanal and Malaita, widespread poverty and high unemployment among the young.

“Geopolitical tensions have been the spark but not the major driver,� said Jonathan Pryke, Pacific Islands program director at the Lowy Institute international policy think tank.

“I’m sure there is some degree of affection for Taiwan in Malaita, but it’s also another way for Malaitans to express their frustration at the national government,� he added.

Pryke said it was too soon to judge whether the Solomons would benefit financially from their 2019 switch in diplomatic relations to Beijing.

While Beijing’s financial inducements to cut ties with Taiwan have not yet borne fruit, the Solomons’ borders have been closed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, which limited Chinese engagement.

Resentment of Chinese businesspeople is long-standing on the Solomons and resulted in much of Honiara’s Chinatown being burned in 2006, and again this week.

“The Chinese communities are vulnerable in the Solomon Islands because they don’t have the traditional support base,� Pryke said. “They don’t have the tribes, the families that would have given them some extra degree of cultural isolation from this sort of unrest.�

How did Australia become involved?

Australia and the Solomons signed their first bilateral security treaty in 2017. It provides for the rapid deployment of Australian police, troops and associated civilians in the event of a major security challenge.

Australian police were in the air aboard a military transport plane within hours of Sogavare invoking the treaty on Thursday.

Australia had led a force of Pacific Islands police and troops under the Regional Assurance Mission to Solomon Islands, known as RAMSI, from 2003 to 2017. It included 2,300 police and troops from 17 nations, invited by the Solomon government. The deployment ended the conflict that killed 200 people.

In the five years of ethnic and civil unrest before RAMSI arrived, the Solomons nearly became a failed state.

The bilateral treaty acknowledges that underlying causes of the unrest remained and posed development challenges.

“The Solomon Islands will need ongoing support to retain the gains made under RAMSI and to help build long-term stability and enduring growth,� the Australian government said in 2017.