Where Beyonce, Black Lives Matter and global history collide: The 'Black Power' salute at West Point

National Correspondent

May 9, 2016 6:09 PM PT

Social media has erupted over a photo of a group of black cadets at West Point posed with raised fists in the manner of Black Power activists in the 1960s, bringing the elite military academy unwanted attention over its struggles with racial diversity and its strict rules against political activity.

The 16 cadets, who a West Point spokesman said in a statement are members of the class of 2016 and are under investigation for the picture, posed in traditional uniforms and with some holding sabers in what’s known as an “Old Corps” photo that harks back to the academy’s two-century history. In a twist, each woman holds a fist in the air, a sign some have taken as political support for the Black Lives Matter movement.

That would be a problem, as the academy and military as a whole have a broad policy against members taking part in politics aside from voting.

But some have suggested that the women took inspiration not from black revolutionaries but from pop culture -- specifically, Beyonce, who used the salute during her controversial Super Bowl halftime show performance of the song “Formation.” Others have said the women were simply celebrating their upcoming graduation.

Although the raised fist may be best known in the United States for its association with the Black Power movement, its origins and use are much broader, from ancient Assyria to the Spanish Civil War. Over the years, the symbol has simultaneously been used by leftists, white nationalists and black activists -- all for very different purposes.

Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

During the brutal civil war in Spain between leftists loyal to the Republican government and the wealthy and powerful Nationalists, many Republicans adopted the fisted salute. Nationalists, meanwhile, used the Roman salute, similar to that used by Italian Fascists and German Nazis.

Stokely Carmichael, 1967

Trinidadian American civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael, later known for his support of Pan-Africanism, popularized the phrase “black power” in the 1960s. A Howard University graduate who led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Carmichael described black power in a 1967 book by the same name as “a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community ... to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.”

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FOR THE RECORD

May 11, 3:12 p.m.: An earlier version of this article said Carmichael was a graduate of Harvard. He graduated from Howard University.

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‘’When you talk of black power, you talk of building a movement that will smash everything Western civilization has created,” Carmichael said in a later speech.

John Carlos and Tommie Smith, 1968 Mexico City Olympics

Perhaps the best-known image of raised fists is of John Carlos and Tommie Smith who won third and first place, respectively, in the 200-meter race at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.

After receiving their medals and turning to hear “The Star-Spangled Banner,” Carlos and Smith raised black-gloved fists in the air, shocking Olympic organizers who had championed keeping the games apolitical. They wore no shoes and black socks to represent black poverty, while Smith had a black scarf on his neck, which he later said was a symbol for black pride.

“If I win, I am an American, not a black American,” Smith said at a news conference afterward. “But if I did something bad, then they would say ‘a Negro.’ We are black and we are proud of being black.”

Angela Davis, 1970s

During Angela Davis’ rise to fame in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a UCLA philosophy professor who was a member of the Communist Party, associate of the Black Panthers and radical feminist, her images sprung up in newspapers and leaflets across the country, including on the FBI’s most-wanted list. (She landed there after being charged with murder for allegedly being an accomplice in a notorious courthouse shooting. She was acquitted.) They featured her iconic Afro and often included her raising her fist.

Nelson Mandela and his then-wife, Winnie, raise their fists on Feb. 11, 1990, in Paarl, South Africa, after Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison.

Nelson Mandela, 1990

When he was released after 27 years in prison, a jubilant Nelson Mandela marched out of Victor Verster Prison with his then-wife, Winnie, raising a fist. An anti-apartheid champion of rights for black Africans, he called on peace between races during his post-release Cape Town speech on Feb. 11, 1990.

“I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities,” he said, quoting from his 1964 trial. “It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

Then-Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez raises his fist while speaking to supporters after his reelection in Caracas on Oct. 7, 2012.

Global leftist activism and politics

The Industrial Workers of the World raised the fist in the early 20th century; by the 21st, it was being used by leftists of all stripes, including the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and protesters supporting union rights in Wisconsin in 2011.

Black Lives Matter

Raised fists have frequently appeared in the Black Lives Matter movement. But it hasn’t been activists’ only symbol. After the August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., the “hands up, don’t shoot” pose spread across rallies and social media posts throughout the United States. After Trayvon Martin was killed in February 2012 by George Zimmerman, the hoodie also become an icon. Martin wore hoodies frequently, including on the day he died.

Beyonce and her dancers perform at the Super Bowl.

Beyonce at the Super Bowl, 2016

The megastar’s performance at the big game this year was widely hailed and criticized after her dancers, dressed in outfits reminiscent of the Blank Panthers, raised their fists alongside Beyonce during a performance of “Formation.” The music video for the song, released a day before the game, featured images of a submerged police cruiser and the words “Stop shooting us” spray-painted on a wall. Police around the country threatened to boycott the star, who was going on tour, before backing off.

Beyonce later clarified her views in an interview with Elle. “Anyone who perceives my message as anti-police is completely mistaken. I have so much admiration and respect for officers and the families of the officers who sacrifice themselves to keeps us safe,” she said. “But let’s be clear: I am against police brutality and injustice.”

Sen. Bernie Sanders raises his fist to acknowledge the crowd before he speaks during a campaign event at the Big Sandy Superstore Arena on April 26, 2016, in Huntington, W.Va.

The presidential race, 2016

Sometimes a raised fist is just a raised fist. On the campaign trail, aspiring presidential nominees have frequently raised their fists as they rally cheering supporters. That includes Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, former New York Sen. Hillary Clinton and presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump.

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Jaweed Kaleem is The Times’ national race and justice correspondent. Follow him on Twitter and Facebook.