Let’s get rid of the federal debt limit

Under normal circumstances, there’s nothing wrong with symbols. They communicate information nonverbally, provide rallying points for popular movements, give tangible form to abstract concepts.

But when a symbol becomes a fetish, you have trouble.

Consider one wholly artificial symbol currently making waves in Washington: the federal debt limit.

Under current law, the U.S. government is permitted to have no more than $14.294 trillion in debt outstanding. We’re almost there. At the end of February, there was about $99 billion in headroom left; in 2010, when the federal budget was about $3.7 trillion, that was the equivalent of roughly 14 minutes of government spending.

Sometime between the middle of April and the end of May, according to the Treasury Department, that borrowing headroom will run out. If Congress doesn’t vote by then to raise the statutory limit, the Treasury will start implementing a series of dire steps to stave off default on existing bonds and other obligations.

As happens almost every time the debt limit draws near — it’s almost an annual event, and sometimes semiannual — there is currently an outbreak of posturing by fringe elements in Congress over whether to raise the limit.

Some members are exploiting the impending vote as an opportunity to cut a deal for draconian federal budget cutbacks or structural changes, like an agreement on a constitutional amendment mandating a balanced budget. It’s a fair bet that, given the tea-partyish tone of the fiscal debate in Washington this year, the brinkmanship over the debt limit will be brinkier than ever.

The debt limit’s fans contend that it forces us periodically to take fiscal stock. It’s proper to ask instead: Why do we have this thing in the first place?

Let’s detour briefly to the consequences of hitting the debt limit. The disasters start accumulating immediately.

If the government defaults on its bonds by missing a payment, its cost of borrowing would instantly rise, placing a further burden on the budget and cratering the value of Treasury securities held by individuals, pension funds and sovereign nations.

Interest rates would rise for all forms of debt — mortgages, credit cards, state and local borrowing.

The safe-haven stature of T-bonds and the dollar would be deeply impaired, imposing further costs. Government output of Social Security checks, tax refunds, Medicare reimbursements, military salaries and more would be reduced or halted.

“A default would impose a substantial tax on all Americans,� Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner warned Congress in January, underscoring that “any default is unthinkable and must be avoided … so that the full faith and credit of the United States is not called into question.�

The steps available to the Treasury to stave off default will work for at most a couple of months. And they may not come cheap. When the debt limit kicked in for three months in 2003, the government called in some bonds held by a civil service retirement fund early, costing the fund and its members more than $1 billion in lost interest.

The funny thing about Geithner’s warning to Congress is that it was completely unnecessary. Nobody in Washington disputes these consequences. In fact, nobody expects them to happen because everybody assumes that Congress will increase the debt limit, in good time.

“If you want to pull financial aid for 9 million college students in the middle of the school year and risk tens of thousands of them dropping out, you’re not saving money — instead you are jeopardizing the preparedness of the workforce for the next generation,� said Austan Goolsbee, chairman of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisors and a member of the Cabinet.

The debt limit was first enacted in 1917. The idea then was to give the Treasury more freedom to issue debt, not less; since otherwise Congress would have to hold a vote on every bond issue, it was deemed easier to give Treasury blanket authority, but not unlimited authority.

By the 1960s, the limit became a constraint. Since 1962, Congress has changed it at least 74 times. Perversely, the debt limit acquired the reputation of a brake on fiscal irresponsibility. But that’s plainly a fantasy. The debt limit doesn’t keep Congress from enacting any spending bills it desires, along with tax breaks, creating deficits that have to be closed with debt.

The debt limit has been treated with abandon by Republican and Democratic presidents and Congresses. Under George W. Bush it was raised seven times, including twice in 2008, by a total of $5.4 trillion. Under Obama it was raised twice in 2009 and again last year, by about $2.9 trillion overall.

Today the debt limit presents an opportunity for deficit hawks to hold the economy hostage. Some may think they operate from a safe haven: Republicans may have a majority in the House, but they know that almost anything they do will be blocked by the Democratic Senate or the Democratic president, so they’re free to take symbolic steps like voting to repeal healthcare reforms.

Refusing to raise the debt limit is a different matter, though, as an increase requires affirmative votes of both houses of Congress. So the hawks may think they have some leverage. For example, Sen. Patrick J. Toomey (R-Pa.), has announced that he won’t be supporting an increase in the debt limit unless he sees immediate spending cuts. He’s also pressing for progress on a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget.

Yet issues like whether, where and when to cut the federal budget are too important to be tied to a stunt with consequences as dire as defaulting on the national debt.

These maneuvers by which Congress tries to threaten itself into taking difficult actions that it’s too cowardly to take otherwise always remind me of the words of Herbert G. Stein, who was President Nixon’s chief economic advisor.

Stein had a pronounced distaste for politicians who insisted on tying their own hands by cutting taxes so that they wouldn’t be tempted to spend the money. He wrote in 1999: “I don’t think we should allow our elected officials to predicate policy on their own weakness.�

The debt limit is another such. If Congress really wants to cut the deficit, then it should raise taxes or cut spending or both, on its own authority. The debt limit should be repealed. Is it really right for our elected representatives to make budget decisions at the point of a gun they’re aiming at themselves — especially if the collateral damage could involve the rest of us?

Michael Hiltzik’s column appears Sundays and Wednesdays. Reach him at [email protected], read past columns at latimes.com/hiltzik, check out facebook.com/hiltzik and follow @latimeshiltzik on Twitter.