POP MUSIC : Taking Reggae Beyond Marley : Dancehall is the sound of young Jamaica, modern reggae in a faster, electronic style, and it's winning a once-elusive African-American audience

By DON SNOWDEN

Oct. 4, 1992 12 AM PT

<i> Don Snowden is a frequent contributor to Calendar. </i>

Matt Robinson went to New York in 1982 to attend college, but he may have had his most educational experience on a Brooklyn street corner.

“When I would visit friends in Brooklyn, I’d see one guy on the corner of Flatbush and Hawthorne with his (boom) box playing whoever was the cool hip-hop thing,” said Robinson, 30, now an independent record producer who founded the underground dance club Funky Reggae when he returned to L.A. in 1986.

“On another corner would be a black man of Jamaican descent playing the latest dancehall rocking Brooklyn. All you had to do was walk through the middle of the street to see that this has got to come together soon--it was the same exact concept.”

Robinson has plenty of company now in recognizing that American hip-hop and the Jamaican reggae style known as dancehall were a natural match. As a result, reggae is having its greatest impact on the American music scene since the late Bob Marley, reggae’s creative visionary, put Jamaican music on the international pop map in the late 1970s. (Marley’s legacy is documented in a new CD box set. See review, Page 71.)

“It isn’t a who that replaced Bob Marley in Jamaica--it was a what , and the what is dancehall,” says Murray Elias, a New York-based independent producer. “Dancehall is modern reggae--the sound of young Jamaica is Shabba Ranks, Buju Banton, Super Cat and Ninjaman.”

Dancehall is a faster, largely electronic reggae style driven by drum machines and keyboard bass lines and dominated by fast-talking deejays who are the Jamaican equivalent of rappers. Instead of traditional reggae’s dreadlocked Rastas singing of social and spiritual concerns, it’s an urban blend of gold chains, hip hairdos and frequent boasting about musical and sexual prowess.

Dancehall may be on its way to realizing one of Bob Marley’s few unfulfilled ambitions: winning a significant African-American audience for reggae. The sound has forged a strong bond with the hip-hop nation--KRS-One, Queen Latifah and Heavy D. are major rap artists who have incorporated dancehall into their mix.

“The connection and the attraction is that dancehall is ghetto music in Jamaica and rap is ghetto music in America,” says producer Elias, who in the late ‘80s signed several dancehall artists to the dance-rap labels Sleeping Bag and Profile.

“What Jamaican kids are saying to other Jamaican kids in the music is not that far removed from what American rappers are saying to their audiences. In spite of the patois language differences, there’s a common reality that the kids pick up on and relate to.”

The catalyst for dancehall’s American breakthrough was Shabba Ranks, already a 12-year veteran of the Jamaican recording industry at age 26. His popularity grew during the ‘80s as he recorded a steady stream of singles for independent labels, and escalated dramatically after the sexually slanted hits “Live Blanket” in 1987 and “Wicked in Bed” in 1989. Shabba’s flashy, wind ‘n’ grind dance steps, gruff voice and sex-symbol image helped him win the reggae Grammy last year. “House Call,” his duet with British singer Maxi Priest, became a No. 1 R&B; single in America. “Mr. Loverman,” from the film soundtrack “Deep Cover,” cracked the R&B; Top 5 during the summer.

Shabba’s album “As Wicked as Ever” on Epic has sold 700,000 copies, and “Rough ‘N’ Ready,” a remix collection of his Jamaican hits released in July, is already at the 250,000 mark. A new studio album, “X-tra Naked,” hit the stores last week.

Reggae’s international popularity continued to grow after Marley’s death from cancer in 1981, but it was written off by major U.S. labels when the search for the next Bob Marley proved as futile as those for the next Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix or John Coltrane. But now Shabba’s success has sparked a rash of new major-label signings of Jamaican artists.

Columbia has released albums by deejays Super Cat and Mad Cobra and veterans the Wailing Souls, and the label has an album by the sandpaper-voiced deejay Tiger on the way. Mercury is signing deejay Buju Banton, while MCA stepped outside dancehall for singers Barrington Levy and Ed Robinson and the group Morgan’s Heritage.

“Dancehall brings an excitement to the music it hasn’t had for a long time,” said Tomas, reggae columnist for Urb magazine and host of the “Reggae Music Forward” radio program heard Saturday nights on KXLU-FM (88.9).

“As much as Nirvana influenced indie music in that a lot of major labels are interested in independent bands, Shabba Ranks brought the same interest to Jamaica.”

Deejays have been part of the Jamaican scene since the early ‘70s, when U-Roy, I-Roy and Big Youth started the practice of rapping over songs and rhythm tracks, first at dances and then in the studio. The most popular artist in Jamaica immediately after Marley’s death was the albino deejay Yellowman, who popularized the rapid-fire delivery that most deejays now employ.

The term dancehall comes from the dances staged by competing mobile discos or sound systems. It didn’t become attached to a particular musical sound until 1985, when Wayne Smith’s Jamaican hit “Sleng Teng” introduced drum machines and an electronic sound to reggae.

The faster tempos and electronic sound brought reggae closer to American R&B; at the same time that rap’s stark, unadorned rhythms turned a substantial young U.S. audience here away from slick productions.

A shift in attitude among rap artists and audiences also played a role.

“When rap music started to evolve into an Afrocentric point of view, that opened the door to acknowledging rap music’s history and background, which dates to deejay music,” Elias said. “Prior to that development in rap, it was denied. With that development, it was explored and dancehall walked through the door.”

The dancehall development has been resisted by many longtime reggae fans. Many of the criticisms echo those made against rap--it’s a repetitious, one-dimensional sound short on melody, has too much explicit sex and guns imagery (as well as homophobia and misogyny) and generates a faddish cycle in which artists are hot one year and history the next.

Dancehall is often repetitious, but that’s frequently because of the common (and legal in Jamaica) reggae practice of reusing the same rhythm--a hit song will spawn literally dozens of others seeking to ride the identical rhythm track to success. Dancehall defenders argue that their lyrics reflect the reality of urban life and male-female relationships. And a number of artists, including Shabba Ranks, Papa San, Tiger and Shinehead are now passing the longevity test.

The roots sounds still survives on such independent labels as Shanachie, Heartbeat and RAS, as well as in the music of such young African artists as Lucky Dube, Majek Fashek and Alpha Blondy. But dancehall’s popular surge has made its mark on those labels.

“We don’t want to be thought of as an old, fuddy-duddy company, so we are putting out records by dancehall artists and deejays on the cutting edge,” said RAS President Gary Himelfarb. “Tony Rebel and Mad Cobra were some of our most recent records that were among our biggest sellers. Anything by Ninjaman or Cobra just sells like wild--from 40,000 to 70,000, which is excellent for an independent.”

And what of reggae patriarch Bob Marley in the age of dancehall? Will he be thought of only as father of current reggae-pop singer Ziggy Marley, as some fear? Not likely, given Marley’s status as a once-in-a-lifetime performer and a black culture icon with a truly international standing.

“I went on a trip to the Himalayas, and there were Sherpas taking a couple of yaks down the hill who saw his picture on my shirt and knew who he was,” said producer Matt Robinson. “He’s up there with the Beatles as far as (reaching) remote places of the world.”