Voices From the ‘Nadir’ of Black History

The years between 1877 and 1915, as UC Irvine Prof. Dickson D. Bruce Jr. points out in his new book, was a period of such rancorous white racism that one historian labeled it the “nadir� of black American history.

The period from the end of Reconstruction to World War I was a time that witnessed the disfranchisement of black voters throughout the South, the rise of legislation in the South designed to segregate blacks in everything from housing to transportation and an increase in racial violence against black people (nearly 200 lynchings a year throughout the 1890s). Such practices were supported by a racist ideology fueled by blatant stereotypes in American popular culture of black inferiority and dependency and an alleged tendency among blacks for criminality, sexual brutality and violence.

But from this low point in American race relations arose black voices: poets, novelists and short-story writers whose work confronted the conditions of an increasingly racist society.

As Bruce writes in “Black American Writing from the Nadir: The Evolution of a Literary Tradition, 1877--1915� (Louisiana State University Press):

“The virulence of white racism was a powerful spur to literary activity as black writers sought to use their pens to fight against racist practices and ideas.�

Among the significant black writers to emerge during this period were Charles W. Chesnutt, Paul Laurence Dunbar, James Weldon Johnson, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, W.E.B Du Bois and dozens of obscure minor authors.

Mostly members of a small but growing black professional class--teachers, ministers, lawyers, doctors and businessmen--these writers not only challenged racist attitudes but used their writing to, as Bruce says, “educate people about the character and accomplishments of blacks in America.�

“They were showing the rest of American society that they were good Americans: They themselves were like other people in American society and therefore they shouldn’t be excluded from American institutions and American life,� said Bruce, 43, a professor of comparative culture.

Bruce, whose book grew out of his work in dealing with race relations and racial ideologies, said “Black American Writing from the Nadir� is aimed primarily at an academic readership, “although other people could certainly read it.�

By examining black literature of this period, Bruce said he thinks it “helps to tell us more about how American race relations have developed, and I think that it provides a useful background for understanding what the nature of race relations continues to be.�

Bruce, who has taught at UCI for 18 years, began working on “Black American Writing From the Nadir� in 1983. The majority of his four years of research was conducted at the Library of Congress and Howard University in Washington.

“One of the things that surprised me was how much writing there was,� said Bruce, who turned up nearly 100 volumes of poetry and about 50 works of fiction written by black writers between 1877 and 1915. He said that doesn’t include all the fiction and poetry written in periodicals and newspapers, which he also examined for his study.

In looking at the work of black writers during this period, Bruce said, “you see changes in the literature that corresponded to changes in American society itself.�

“You could see a growing sense that the kinds of stereotypes that whites had and the kind of segregated society whites wanted to create was going to be hard to oppose,� he said. “If you look fairly early on a lot of the black writers were optimistic and tended to believe, by their achievements and arguments, that they could have some effect on white society and fight these stereotypes. As the years went on, you saw less optimism that whites could be persuaded to change these attitudes.�

In novels and short stories in particular, Bruce said, black and white relationships were the major concern of black writers, whose choice of subject matter, characters and the moods they portrayed reflected the conditions of an increasingly racist society.

“And that’s not surprising given the kind of world these writers were living in,� he said.

Although many of the black writers were relatively unknown outside their local areas, Bruce said Chesnutt, Dunbar and several others had wide audiences.

“In fact,� he said, “some people claimed that Dunbar was probably among the most popular writers in poetry in the United States during this period in terms of the kind of audience he reached.�

Bruce, whose three previous books dealt with the pre-Civil War South, is currently working on a biography of one the writers he examined in “Black American Writing From the Nadir�: attorney Archibald Grimke, a political figure and diplomat who was one of the early leaders of the National Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People.

As the mother of three young boys, one of Margaret Gump’s top priorities has been to come up with interesting things for her children to do--especially in the summer.

Over the past several years the Westminster mother has collected dozens of things for her children to do--from visiting the Serrano adobe in El Toro to taking a tour of the Orange County Performing Arts Center in Costa Mesa.

Gump, who began keeping her list on her husband Mark’s personal computer, shared her findings with friends and members of her church group who kept saying, “Why don’t you do a book?�

Now she has: “Where Can We Go Today?� ($3.15) a self-published, 52-page booklet that provides “more than 100 places to go in Orange County and surrounding areas.� (As noted on the cover, more than 60 are free!)

The book provides addresses, operating hours, costs and brief descriptions of each place listed. It is available by writing Golden Family Products, 13772 Golden West St., Suite 543, Westminster, Calif. 92683. (Include $1 for handling.)

National Writers: Author Raymond Obstfeld will speak at the meeting of the Southern California chapter of National Writers Club at 10 a.m. Saturday at the Irvine Marriott hotel, 18000 Von Karman Ave. Members, $10, and $12 for non-members. For reservations, call (714) 968-5726.

Romance Writers: Mystery writer Elizabeth George of Huntington Beach will speak at the Orange County chapter meeting of Romance Writers of America at 1 p.m. Saturday at the Fullerton Public Library, 353 W. Commonwealth Ave. Jimmie Morel will discuss the difference between mainstream and category novels during the pre-meeting workshop at 10:30 a.m.

Book Signings: Peter McWilliams (“You Can’t Afford the Luxury of Negative Thought�) Eileen McDargh (“How to Work for a Living and Still Be Free to Live�), and Anne Kimbell Relph and Karen Wilson (“How to Communicate with Difficult People�) will sign their books and discuss the challenges and opportunities of small press publishing from 2 to 4 p.m. Sunday at The Bookstore in Irvine. . . . Jonathan Kellerman (“Silent Partners�) and Faye Kellerman (“Quality of Mercy�) will sign from 7 to 9 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 21, at Book Carnival, 870 N. Tustin Ave., Orange.